Parademic Notes Week Ending 161009

#(161009)

1. HIV Spread via Policy; 2. Cutting Transportation Links; 3. Failed Replication of a Replication Study; 4. Zika; 5. Epidemics and Human Response; 6. Invasive Insects; 7. Creativity; 8. Changing view of Public Health; 9. AIDS Quilt; C⁴. Panic, Listening.

-1. Attitudes, ethics, morality, policy, choices, beliefs, law, politics all contribute to containment or spread of a biodisaster. Russia’s Generalising HIV Epidemic. 1 million infected, 100 000 new cases expected in 2016, an annual growth rate of 10–12%, and, if nothing is done to curb incidence, the number of people living with HIV in 2020 is expected by some to reach 2 million. ¶ For many years, HIV has been viewed as confined to injecting drug users with 55% of HIV transmission linked to injected drug use. Although needle and syringe exchange programmes are allowed, oral substitution therapy for people addicted to opiates is illegal in the country with punitive custodial sentences for anyone who offers such services. However, in neighbouring Ukraine, which also has a substantial HIV problem in injecting drug users, oral substitution therapy has helped to reduce incidence. ¶ 43% of infections are through heterosexual sex, and the epidemic has shifted from being one contained within key populations to a generalised epidemic, a development that threatens to undermine the gains that Russia has made in reducing mother to child transmission. ¶ A key problem with the country’s policy is the moralistic and punitive approach to the epidemic. Criminalisation of drug users and sex workers and of interventions that could help people in the groups to manage their risk of infection or their treatment if already infected has sustained the rampant epidemics in key populations. As the problem spreads to the general population, comments in government reports that condoms are part of the problem – for encouraging premarital and extramarital sex, undermining the state idea of an exclusive heterosexual marriage – signal a moral attitude that can only hamper efforts to curb the generalisation of the epidemic and incompatible with successful HIV control.

            -A. Typically when there is ethos determining policy there will be impact on other issues under the guise of something other than that policy. This may not reflect the whole or every aspect of a complex society, just those that can dominate the whole, and will generally lag behind the larger society. There may also be conflicting narratives that will tend to emphasize pathos (appeal to emotion) and ethos (appeal to character). These have an internal, but not necessarily consistent, logos (appeal to logic, usually opinion, emotion, morality, bias presented as logical). These are remarkably resistant and adaptive (161002-9.1↓) to changes in evidence. Russia Plans to Ban 'Baby Boxes' for Unwanted Infants. Survey: Doctors' Political Views May Affect Patient Care. Doctors’ Political Views Could Impact Patient Care.

-2. #Book, chapter 6 of Perilous Connections: Railroads, Capitalism and Mythmaking in the New South. Infected Rails: Yellow Fever and Southern Railroads the Sleepy Railroad Junction at Callahan, Florida, Was an unlikely location for a life or death dispute over the movement of a train. Yet on August 12, 1888, one of the most essential rail lines under dire threat of destruction. The residents declared that if the railroad continued to run trains through the town, the local people would tear up the track and shut down traffic for good. To the south Jacksonville responded with similarly violent statements. If the blockade at Callahan were to continue, they threatened, then they would take up arms and force the way open. The summer of 1888 was not a normal one for southern railroads. With the appearance of yellow fever in Jacksonville in July, the region's railroads were potential vectors for the disease's spread. Instead of holding typical passengers, the disputed trains at Callahan carried refugees fleeing a raging epidemic of yellow fever in Jacksonville. Growing out of the possibility of infection from a horrible disease, the conflict was a matter of community survival for the localities involved, going from being a boon to threatening the town's very existence. This is a problem of migration away from an outbreak that causes others to self isolate, breaking escape routes and increasing economic damage. [Plaque, Drawing, Meme, Design]

            -2.1. Business Cycle Drives the Spread of Viral Diseases. Epidemics spread faster during economic booms because more people are traveling, new research shows. This report also notes that school shutdowns and transportation network closures are seldom efficient measures.

-3. The consistent finding that replication of experiments with humans fail to replicate the same finding is currently popular, Scientists Replicated 100 Psychology Studies, and Fewer Than Half Got the Same Results, 150614-10, 150301-34.1, 150104-27-9↓. However; is it possible to replicate any behavior response with a different group of people at a different time and location Copycats in Science: The Role of Replication. The Truth Wears Off is there something wrong with the scientific method. Given how consistent this finding is, are we dealing with an underlying principle as when Piaget noticed that young children consistently gave the wrong answers to certain questions, or is this as simple case of a fad where some bias is subtlety skewing studies, Marcellin Boule’s Old Man: A Neanderthal Tale, Rethinking Neanderthals [Art Photo Photo]. Why Is the Scientific Replication Crisis Centered on Psychology, Mob Rule or Wisdom of Crowds. The difficulties of getting data in the first place is explored in The Social Psychology of Presidential Election Polls, Part II.

            -A. This is the case in Failed Replication Shows Literary Fiction Doesn't Boost Social Cognition. When a 2013 study published in Science concluded that reading literary fiction for as few as 20 minutes could improve someone's social abilities, it made quite the splash. However, when researchers tried to replicate the findings using the original study materials and methodology, the results didn't hold up; is not replicating the findings of: Does Reading a Single Passage of Literary Fiction Really Improve Theory of Mind. An Attempt at Replication. We conclude that the most plausible link between reading fiction and theory of mind is either that individuals with strong theory of mind are drawn to fiction and/or that a lifetime of reading gradually strengthens theory of mind, but other variables, such as verbal ability, may also be at play. More precisely it is a more nuanced finding than one that was not duplicated, in other words poor science journalism. This is a problem with social science and parademic as controlled experiments are not possible (in fact are called crimes against humanity), much less duplication of those experiments. It is based on repeated observation where the standard is consistent with, not absolute duplication. ‘If It’s Not Written Down; it Didn’t Happen...’, If You Didn't Document It, It Didn't Happen.

            -3.1. Testing has the value to countering marketing and evidence that is based on anecdote and opinion. However once established these refutation rarely change behavior, especially if the change will make someone seem foolish or lose a group identity. Brain Game Claims Fail a Big Scientific Test. Label Claims for Conventional Foods and Dietary Supplements. Among the claims that can be used on food and dietary supplement labels are three categories of claims that are defined by statute and/or FDA regulations: health claims, nutrient content claims, and structure/function claims.

↕4. Zika Vaccine Race Spurred by Crisis and Profit Potential. Although Zika infections are mild or asymptomatic in most people, demand for a vaccine is expected to be strong because it can cause devastating birth defects, pharmaceutical executives and disease experts said. ¶ The most lucrative market is seen in travelers seeking inoculation against the virus that has moved rapidly across the Americas and is the only mosquito borne disease also spread through sex. ¶ Hopefully a vaccine can be developed that's sold for a low cost in endemic areas. Is this profiteering or a pragmatic funding issue. 160904-12↓.

            -4.1. Hurricane Matthew Could Make Florida's Zika Problem Worse 5.1A↓. Basically any disaster can potentially worsen or lead to a biodisaster, disease outbreak, especially flooding. South Florida Hurricane Evacuees Could Spread Zika Throughout State. As South Floridians evacuate ahead of Hurricane Matthew, experts warn this could spread the Zika virus. The storm is expected to hit the east coast – an area of the state with the most local Zika cases. Those fleeing Miami could also take the virus with them. Florida Hospitals Brace for Hurricane Matthew, Some Close.

            -4.2. Pasteur Institute Breaches MERS Biosecurity Rule. Like 4 above is this a coverup, or is there explanation. The article could just be simple outrage, using inflammatory words –  Breach, implying broke out or in; Biosecurity, which has so many meanings as to be meaningless, but does sound scary; Rule, implying a regulation, law. This leaves out facts: Was it a binding US/WHO rule signed by Korea, France. Is commercial air transportation actually prohibited, or was there proper containment. Were there rules by the air carriers available, or countries involved, that would have prevented transportation in a timely manner, hence this was done safely but against the rules that would have prevented lab work. Did the rules not consider a situation that arose that it did not cover and a choice had to be made between following the rules, or doing what was best. Is there an agenda to stymy (or if one insists on another correct spelling “stymie”) dangerous pathogen lab research, or someone looking for a few moments of fame and being a hero, or to report an actual cover up of something people should know about. Trying a case in the court of public opinion is always suspect and usually occludes what the truth of the matter is.

            -4.3. Florida's Feud over Zika Fighting GMO Mosquitoes. Oxitec's mosquitoes have been deployed in Brazil, Panama, and Malaysia, but Keys residents are thwarting attempts to try them in the US. What Is Stopping the Use of Genetically Modified Insects for Disease Control. Insect borne pathogens impose a substantial burden on health, the environment, and agricultural production, and rapid outbreaks of such pathogens are becoming more common. Population control is an important component of strategies to control insect borne pathogens. However, some technologies such as insecticide use are becoming less effective due to resistance, or their use is increasingly restricted due to environmental legislation. Alphabet’s Latest Project Is Birth Control for Mosquitoes. 160918-4, 160904-4.3A, 160821-7 et al↓. However there may be a valid reason to Believe it or Not, You Don’t Actually Want Mosquitoes Eradicated.

-5. #Book. One that I am not familiar with but is going on my reading list. It also has an unusual book reviewer, one that is incorrect due to a strong anti-Western bias. The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History. A review of the original edition of The Burdens of Disease that appeared in ISIS* stated, "Hays has written a remarkable book. He too has a message: That epidemics are primarily dependent on poverty and that the West has consistently refused to accept this". This revised edition confirms the book's timely value and provides a sweeping approach to the history of disease. ¶ In this updated volume, with revisions and additions to the original content, including the evolution of drug-resistant diseases and expanded coverage of HIV/AIDS, along with recent data on mortality figures and other relevant statistics, J. N. Hays chronicles perceptions and responses to plague and pestilence over two thousand years of western history. Disease is framed as a multidimensional construct, situated at the intersection of history, politics, culture, and medicine, and rooted in mentalities and social relations as much as in biological conditions of pathology. This revised edition also studies the victims of epidemics, paying close attention to the relationships among poverty, power, and disease. [Cover]

-*. For those not familiar with it, Isis is a Journal of the History of Science Society, not the terror organization that was concurrent at the time of Ebola and probably adding to the fear and dread [Cartoon, Cartoon] to include Halloween [Cartoon] and an election [Cartoon, Cartoon]. This was to demonstrate how easy it is to give a completely erroneous interpretation that is not questioned. It is not unknown for a single word or title to result in misconstrued meaning leading to dangerous behaviors. We saw this when people didn’t understand the difference between airborne and particulate/droplet [Cartoon] in relation to Ebola. A reasonable question was asked in a public forum about why Ebola, with its low reproductive rate, was spreading so fast and among so many, What We’re Afraid to Say about Ebola 140914-1.7B↓, which was quickly answered, Transmission of Ebola: Two Microbiologists Weigh In, What We Are Not Afraid to Say about Ebola Virus 140921-1.5.3↓, The Chance of Ebola Going Airborne Is So Remote, Let’s Not Frighten People: Virologist. The social practices and policies (parademic) that were causing the spread were not recognized. By the time Experts Offer Steps for Avoiding Public Hysteria, a Different Contagious Threat, it was too late and a full parademic was in full swing, Political Infections. Another repeated pattern is that happens is that there were warnings prior, Ebola “Fear Mongering” Critiqued by Medical Anthropologist.

            -5.1. #Book [Cover]. Deadly River: Cholera and Cover Up in Post Earthquake Haiti. As long as the reader is aware that there are other, well supported, points of view from scientists with an equal dedication to control of cholera in Haiti, the book is of value in recording the events of this massive epidemic and the factors that led to its occurrence, from the vantage point of one of the major scientific investigators in Haiti at the time. However, the tone of the book and its tendency to see all events (and science) from the viewpoint of a single investigator/ investigative group is not ideal and detracts from the impact that the work might otherwise have had. Science does have its controversies and infighting, and intermingling of scientific and political issues is inevitable; however, one might hope that our goal, as scientists, would be to resolve controversies with better science, while minimizing acrimony. Unfortunately, this book, with its focus on possible cover ups and “suspect theories,” does not move us in this direction. Having not read the book I can’t offer and informed opinion. It may be as slanted as 5.1 suggests, or more insightful as 5.1A does. It would not be surprising to learn that the title was selected by the publisher. In the current environment of UN culpability this is a better title for marketing. H5N1 has a comment and wrote an earlier review of this book 160626-4.1↓, and Dispatches from Haiti has a record of Cholera in Haiti dating back to June 20, 2011, with a history of the previous months 5.1A↓.  Who's Reporting on Haiti's Cholera (2010).

            -A. Another Review. What had caused the first cases of cholera in Haiti in recorded history. Who or what was the deadly agent of origin. Why did it explode in the agricultural rich delta of the Artibonite River. When answers were few, rumors spread, causing social and political consequences of their own. ¶ The story involves political maneuvering by powerful organizations such as the United Nations and its peacekeeping troops in Haiti, as well as by the World Health Organization and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control. The quest for scientific truth and dissection of scientific disagreement involving world renowned cholera experts who found themselves embroiled in intellectual and political turmoil in a poverty stricken country. ¶ The narrative highlights how the world s wealthy nations, nongovernmental agencies, and international institutions respond when their interests clash with the needs of the world s most vulnerable people. This poses big social questions and offers insights not only on how to eliminate cholera in Haiti but also how nations, NGOs, and international organizations such as the UN and CDC deal with catastrophic infectious disease epidemics. I recognized the name of the author Ralph R. Frerichs, as he had commented on Haiti UN Chief: No Evidence Cholera Came from Peacekeepers (2010), when we regional pandemic planners for NORTHCOM/5A were watching the outbreak into US territories and neighbors when it began in October 2010. Aninteresting read is Emergency Response After the Haiti Earthquake: Choices, Obstacles, Activities and Finance, written 6 months (June 5.1↑) after the January earthquake about the perfect storm of disasters that made the response so difficult. This anticipates the possibility of cholera and before Cholera was officially reported in October 2010. Cholera Cases Expected to Rise in Haiti due to Hurricane Matthew’s heavy rains worsening Haiti’s six year cholera epidemic, which has already been categorized as among the world’s worst. Why Haiti Is a 'Hub of Natural Disaster'. As Hurricane Matthew Moves On, the Worst Is Yet to Come for Haiti. ¶ After Hurricane Matthew, Will Aid Predators Ravage Haiti, Haiti after Matthew: WFP Trucks Looted in Torbeck, neither of these are new situations, or perceptions the spin agendas. These existed before the hurricane and 2010 earthquake, Food Aid Hijacking Thwarted in Haiti (2010), Prisoners on Their Own Island (2011), Haiti 2010: Exploiting Disaster. Similar a priori conditions also exist for biodisasters, but will become news and exploited for particular spins. Very likely this will be brought up for the 2016 election, possibly even at the Oct 9 debate. 4.1↑, 151220-4, 150726-13,    150607-22

            -5.2. Meanwhile there are those with different priorities North Korea Battling Post Flood Cholera as Kim Jong Un Avoids Visit but North Korea Claims Successful Test of Nuclear Warhead. ¶ And those with conspiracy theories Matt Drudge Suggests Government Is "Lying" about Hurricane Matthew, which is “proven” with How Florida Has Avoided Hurricane Matthew's Worst Case Scenario — So Far, Florida Dodges Bullet from Matthew as South Carolina Braces for Major Storm Surge, Matt Drudge Correctly Predicts NOAA Hurricane Conspiracy – could not find the cited NYT article, closest was Hurricane Matthew Avoids Direct Hit on Florida, Continues North, and nothing direct about Matt Drudge being correct that this was a conspiracy to support Climate Change, not that Matthew was a hurricane that would damage Florida. ¶ This check  included Change Log, from the handy News Diff. Article change as information and situations changes over time. These changes are not a new ability from the Internet. Morning editions and evening editions of newspapers in the past would update stories . Complacency, Apathy Lead People to Ignore Disaster Warnings. Skull Appears in Hurricane Matthew Satellite Map. 100 Years of Hurricanes Hitting and Missing Florida, Visualized. Rescues and Worry After Matthew Inundates North Carolina.

-6. Invasive Insects: Underestimated Cost to the World Economy. Invasive insects cause at least 69 billion euros of damage per annum worldwide, say investigators, whose study brought together the largest database ever developed on economic damage attributable to invasive insects worldwide. Covering damage to goods and services, health care costs and agricultural losses, this study considered 737 articles, books and reports. Invasive species is till a largely unrecognized biodisaster. Besides costs there is also the possibility of insects being vectors, cause of famine, force human mass migrations, and become a food source that can temporarily increase other dangerous and invasive animal populations.

-7. Creativity has been a field of study for centuries, and that is just for trying to define what it is. This latest study may bring us closer but one could argue that these are the very characteristics that institutions select against. This may be a good thing in normal stable situations when the emphasis is to maintain what is, but in the unstable abnormal conditions of biodisaster not so much [Meme, Photo]. This institutional avoiding creativity is not an intentional quashing but that overtime there is a rate of diminishing return for effort as supporting and supported infrastructure build up. Disruptive Technologies can destroy what was created, including people’s place and status in society, and disintermediation of jobs or positions. This is similar to government disaster officials resisting emergent solutions Greed and Fear Hamper Cooperation [Cartoon]. Modelling Creativity: Identifying Key Components through a Corpus Based Approach. Using techniques from the field of statistical natural language processing, we identify a collection of fourteen key components of creativity through an analysis of a corpus of academic papers on the topic.

            Active Involvement and Persistence. Being actively involved; reacting to and having a deliberate effect on the creative process. The tenacity to persist with the creative process throughout, even during problematic points.

            Dealing with Uncertainty. Coping with incomplete, missing, inconsistent, contradictory, ambiguous and/or uncertain information. Element of risk and chance—no guarantee that problems will be resolved. Not relying on every step of the process to be specified in detail; perhaps even avoiding routine or preexisting methods and solutions. Check, conditions of uncertainty.

            Domain Competence. Domain specific intelligence, knowledge, talent, skills, experience and expertise. Knowing a domain well enough to be equipped to recognise gaps, needs or problems that need solving and to generate, validate, develop and promote new ideas in that domain. The More You Know about a Topic the More Likely You Are to Have False Memories about it.

            General Intellectual Ability.  General intelligence and IQ.  Good mental capacity.

            Generation of Results. Working towards some end target, goal, or result. Producing something (tangible or intangible) that previously did not exist.

            Independence and Freedom. Working independently with autonomy over actions and decisions. Freedom to work without being bound to preexisting solutions, processes or biases; perhaps challenging cultural or domain norms.

            Intention and Emotional Involvement. Personal and emotional investment, immersion, self expression and involvement in the creative process. The intention and desire to be creative: creativity is its own reward, a positive process giving fulfilment and enjoyment.

            Originality. Novelty and originality; a new product, or doing something in a new way; seeing new links and relations between previously unassociated concepts. Results that are unpredictable, unexpected, surprising, unusual, out of the ordinary.

            Progression and Development. Movement, advancement, evolution and development during a process. Whilst progress may or may not be linear, and an actual end goal may be only loosely specified (if at all), the entire process should represent some progress in a particular domain or task.

            Social Interaction and Communication. Communicating and promoting work to others in a persuasive and positive manner. Mutual influence, feedback, sharing and collaboration between society and individual. I believe that this missed a few aspects, partly because of the nature of the study, and because it is an ubiquitous quality that is so common as to be missed, or so complicated that it is not constrained in a single word or phrase. Cooperation, Empathy, Discovery, Synergy, Collaboration, Serendipity, Interaction (not just social), Communication, Recognition. Creativity cannot be created without group effort, even if it is just to provide raw materials or the initial observation that lead to it.

            Spontaneity/Subconscious Processing. No need to be in control of the whole process; thoughts and activities may inform the process subconsciously without being inaccessible for conscious analysis, or may receive less attention than others. Being able to react quickly and spontaneously when appropriate, without needing to spend too much time thinking about the options.

            Thinking and Evaluation. Consciously evaluating several options to recognise potential value in each and identify the best option, using reasoning and good judgement. Proactively selecting a decided choice from possible options, without allowing the process to stagnate under indecision.

            Value. Making a useful contribution that is valued by others and recognised as an achievement and influential advancement; perceived as special, ‘not just something anybody would have done’. The end product is relevant and appropriate to the domain being worked in.

            Variety, Divergence and Experimentation. Generating a variety of different ideas to compare and choose from, with the flexibility to be open to several perspectives and to experiment and try different options out without bias. Multi tasking during the creative process.

            I suspect that humor, juxtaposition of the ludicrous, is also key to creativity.

            -7.1. Metaphors Bias Perceptions of Scientific Discovery. Whether ideas are "like a light bulb" or come forth as "nurtured seeds," how we describe discovery shapes people's perceptions of both inventions and inventors. Notably, investigators have shown that discovery metaphors influence our perceptions of the quality of an idea and of the ability of the idea's creator.

Understanding Implicit Bias. A few key characteristics of implicit biases: Implicit biases are pervasive, everyone possesses them. Implicit and explicit biases are related but distinct mental constructs. The implicit associations held do not necessarily align with declared beliefs or reflect explicitly endorsed stances. In general implicit biases tend to favor our own ingroup. Implicit biases are malleable. Implicit associations can be gradually unlearned. Implicit biases influence  behavior in the real world, but not always in the most obvious predictable way.

-8. Public Health – When Ideology Trumps* Science. Globalisation, inequality, migration, ecological shifts—these are the challenges facing public health today. An isolated citizen is not able to confront these massive societal forces alone. Only governments can do so. It is politicians who have to address the deep tensions adversely shaping health. Xenophobia, racism, stigma, discrimination, social exclusion, poverty, loss of trust, destroyed habitats. Public health must be political, abroad as well as at home. The financial contributions made by nations unaffected by Ebola—even small nations, such as Norway—to ensure that future epidemics would be detected and dealt with more robustly, is an example. All nations have a stake in global health security. ¶ The viewpoint that the goal of public health is to help people take more responsibility for their health, is very limited and incomplete when what an individual does or does not do can have global impacts. A New Way to Measure Progress in Global Health. Oct 08, 2014 First Person in U.S. Diagnosed with Ebola Dies. *160918-6*↓.

-9. How One Man’s Idea for the AIDS Quilt Made the Country Pay Attention. The quilt was unfolded on the Mall 29 years ago and Americans took it to heart [Photo, Photo, Cartoon, Cartoon]. An Ideological Analysis of the AIDS Memorial Quilt, The Last One: The Story of the AIDS Memorial Quilt, AIDS and the Arts, The AIDS Quilt Text(ile) 1 Now: Tensions Between Memorialization and Activism, Documents that Changed the World: The AIDS Memorial Quilt. The AIDS quilt is an example of the blurring that occurs with biodisaster, blending arts, memorials, politics, grief, education.

_↓^↑C⁴. Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication (CERC) Corner [Logo] Panic: Fact or Fiction. Despite what you may see in disaster movies, people rarely panic in an emergency. If panic is defined as acting completely irrationally, the overwhelming majority of people can and do act reasonably during crises. ¶ Panic is much less common than we imagine. During a crisis, many people will take calm, self protective actions that seem logical and appropriate to them, even if authorities different recommendation. If officials describe survival behaviors as panic, they may alienate their audience. ¶ The condition that contributes most to panic isn’t bad news; it’s conflicting messages from those in authority. Panic stems from confusion, uncertainty, and lack of consistency. People are more likely to panic when they feel like they aren’t getting the information they need or can’t trust the information they receive.

            -C.1. Asking Instead of Answering. One way communication is not engaging. Although telling is easy, asking and listening lead to more effective conversations. As communicators, we can guide people affected by a crisis to adopt positive public health actions that work for them through self discovery. ¶ Asking questions is a deliberate action. The key is to help your audience identify its own insight: Ask the right questions; Receive feedback; Offer the right information.. A community that comes up with its own solution will often take ownership of that idea. Allowing people to persuade themselves is not an easy process. ¶ Done poorly, it can seem condescending or manipulative. It takes practice and empathy, but it is worth the effort and is the most effective way to gain a community’s acceptance in thought and behavior.

            -C.2. Chapter 7 of A Guide for Public Transportation Pandemic Planning and Response (2014) is Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication.

Comments

[Grace]

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[Parademic]

Though I appreciate this comment, I don’t believe that Parademic is what you may believe it to be. Suspect that the use of some search algorithm is involved that looks for terms like addiction, narcotics, drugs, opiates, opioids. Parademic is a database of open source media on human behavior in the context of biodiaster. Though the terms are used in the Weekly Notes, the context is usually about drug shortages, misuse of terms such as “epidemic” to refer to spikes in addiction, how “war on drugs” are a means to consolidate or increase political power, and how addiction recovery is sometimes an insurance scam or uses pseudoscience to bilk patients. I assume from your URL that your topic is “Opiate Rehab”, and that your comment could be motivated with the intent of increasing traffic to your own site. I assure you that Parademic is an extremely low traffic site, and its audience are very unlikely to be looking for your services. In addition, if you had read the stub (1 and 1A in that week) you would have noted that is was concerning programs in an area outside the US that doesn’t allow certain drug rehab treatments, and has an hidden agenda. In later weekly notes other stubs include information that do not reflect well on drug rehab centers, possibly counterproductive to a marketing goal. Bottom line for parademic comments that appear on the site are another source of data about how people behave in the context of biodisaster. Your own comment is such a data point, one concerning marketing and potential exploitation of those who have desperate needs. If my topic is of actual genuine interest then feel free to continue reading the Notes, but it is more likely that your interests and the blog’s topic do not intersect.